當「醋」遇見「小蘇打」又會擦出什麼樣的火花呢？
以前，就只知道洗碗時加白醋清潔可以去除擾人的腥味，特別是處理過肉類、海鮮類的cutting board與料理用刀，白醋去腥的功力一流，就連吃蝦剝殼後的滿手腥味也一併去除的很徹底。
而，蘇打粉就只是烘培糕點時偶爾用到的調味料。怎麼樣也無法將它與居家清潔去污聯想在一塊兒。然而，一次在誠品書店的偶遇《 小蘇打+醋 的無毒清潔法》讓我對小蘇打、醋這原本平淡無奇的廚房調味料看法完全改觀且肅然起敬。
就是這本書！在不知道當「醋」遇見「小蘇打」以前，廚房爐子、壁面、抽油煙機、水槽、乃至浴室浴缸、洗手槽、馬桶......等居家清潔、消毒全部交給「白 X士」、「魔X 靈」及酒精；除了清潔力一流外，使用時還要戴上口罩外加閉氣，化學劑的惡臭仍然在家中各個角落流竄著久久才消。
發現「醋」加「小蘇打」後，居家清潔不再是以身試毒痛苦事一樁，而且，應該說沒想到做家事也是一件快樂又開心的得意事！現在，就來分享主婦見證當「醋」遇見「小蘇打」的神奇功效囉！就是這兩個平淡無奇的廚房用品，為我打造一個無毒的家！
小蘇打粉居家清潔用途→強力去油汙、除濕、去味的無毒天然清潔劑。
平常可以準備小蘇打水、白醋水裝瓶備用。(倒掉「魔 X靈」等的化學清潔劑，將空瓶沖淨拿來裝小蘇打水、白醋水剛剛好)
「小蘇打水」→3大匙的小蘇打粉加 500C.C.的水。
「白醋水」→白醋：水的比例為1：2
清潔用途→廚房(爐子、料理台、微波爐、烤箱、洗碗槽、壁面......)、浴室(洗手槽、洗臉盆、浴缸、馬桶、牆壁....)、冰箱、洗衣服以及清潔洗衣槽等地方。
使用方法：
一?廚房、浴室清潔
1?將小蘇打粉灑在廚房爐子的髒污處靜置約5分鐘，再用一般的廚房用濕抹布擦拭即可去除油汙。
2?如果是對付囤積已久的髒油汙只需在灑上小蘇打粉後再噴灑白醋水在小蘇打粉上，一樣靜置約5分鐘後擦拭即可清除頑汙。
3?一般天天清潔的廚房爐子或料理台只用小蘇打粉水噴灑後靜置約5分鐘後再擦拭即可去除髒汙。
4?同樣的方法用來處理浴室等需清潔的地方。
5?燒焦的鍋子也灑入一匙(約10ml)小蘇打粉加水蓋過燒焦的地方，加熱後熄火靜置20分鐘後即可輕鬆刷淨焦鍋。
6? 微波爐、烤箱：微波碗裝 100c.c.的小蘇打水放置微波爐內，微波一分鐘後取出，利用微波後的蒸氣清潔擦拭絕對清潔溜溜、徹底乾淨，之後，再裝100c.c..的白醋一樣微波一分鐘後取出，微波爐中的食物異味也通通消失囉！烤箱也一樣，但是請記住要用烤箱專用的器具如烤盤、烤碗喔！也可以裝一杯小蘇打粉放在微波爐中靜置一夜，隔天取出後一樣有去異味功能。取出的小蘇打粉還可以重複使用咧！( 鋁製用品不適用小蘇打粉清潔)消毒料理台餐桌清潔後再噴灑白醋水靜置10分鐘，再擦乾就有消毒功用了喔！
二?冰箱清潔每星期的冰箱清潔也適用小蘇打水而後白醋水做最後一次的消毒
三?衣物清潔先生的衣領、袖口，孩子公園玩樂後的「禮物」、吃飯喝咖啡不小心滴落的醬油、咖啡汙漬通通都可以交給小蘇打粉及白醋。
使用方法：
1?一樣是灑上蘇打粉在衣領、袖口等髒污處，噴灑白醋水靜置約20-30分鐘後再刷洗。接下來再用一般的洗衣劑按一般洗衣程序清洗。
2?如果是小孩玩樂後特別髒的衣物，則需將衣物與洗衣劑+小蘇打粉一起浸泡在熱水中約6個小時。接下來再用一般的洗衣劑按一般洗衣程序清洗。
四?洗衣槽清潔每月一次的洗衣槽清潔，一次加入一包的小蘇打粉入放滿水的洗衣槽，啟動洗衣機攪動約5分鐘，關掉開關靜置一夜；隔天洗衣槽內的髒污會一一浮現，再做一次洗衣程序 ( 洗衣、排水 )。
(小蘇打粉除濕、去味用途→ 冰箱、微波爐、衣櫥、鞋櫃、浴室櫥櫃...等地方。
1?用杯子裝一杯小蘇打粉 ( 放在冰箱衣櫥的小蘇打粉，可在杯口加上一層紗布再用橡皮筋綁緊，防止不小心打翻灑出 )放在衣櫥、冰箱、浴室櫥櫃除濕兼去味。(布丁杯很好用喔！)
2?鞋櫃用的小蘇打粉則可使用家中淘汰的舊襪子裝入小蘇打粉。
五?居家消毒1?凡餐桌、櫥櫃、玩具、地板、牆壁、電源開關都可用抹布沾白醋水消毒。
以上，就是主婦的居家無毒清潔好用心得大分享！真的超好用！無毒又健康！！快快丟掉你家的化學清潔劑吧！不但健康又環保，愛家人也愛地球喔！小蘇打粉與白醋都不可以同時加化學清潔劑使用，否則會有結合毒物產生，切記~
此篇為轉載文章與大家分享，出處不可考~
文章部分內容引述來自『小蘇打+醋 的無毒清潔法』
2010年11月15日 星期一
神奇小蘇打 生活大妙用
神奇小蘇打 生活大妙用分類：環境清潔 2005/11/30 11:15 文╱小蘇打生活研究會 譯者╱徐月珠 小蘇打除了味道嘗起來鹹鹹的，你了解這個白色粉末的真面目嗎？告訴你！它可是在我們居家生活中處處都用得上的清潔、打掃、料理聖品喔！而且使用方法非常簡單，幾乎不需任何技巧… 小蘇打（Baking Soda）又稱為碳酸氫鈉（NaHCO3）或是重碳酸鈉。光聽它的名字也許會給人一種很化學藥劑的排斥感覺，但對於去除居家環境污垢或是臭味，甚至是其他功效來說，小蘇打可說是實現優質生活的必備利器。 其實它是一種純天然的物質，不僅不會造成環境污染，對人體也完全無害，幾乎是種萬能的物品。美國人就經常將其運用在家事或料理上，而在日本，使用小蘇打也慢慢被利用於一般人的生活之中。 小蘇打分為藥用、食用、工業用３種，隨著種類的不同在購買地點上也不一樣。 其中食用小蘇打可在藥局、大型超市、南北雜貨行買到；如果要運用在料理上的話，記得選擇食用的小蘇打。 另外，部分藥局也買得到工業用小蘇打。雖然說每一種小蘇打都可以用來打掃、洗衣，但還是建議你不妨購買價格低廉，容量也較多的工業用小蘇打，這樣才符合省錢又環保的訴求。 清除茶垢 長時間使用的茶杯，總會累積不少茶垢。如果是自己心愛的杯子，想必心裡一定很不捨吧！告訴你，只要使用小蘇打粉就可以輕鬆去除茶垢，而且不會刮傷杯子。 準備物品：小蘇打適量、海綿。 清潔方法：1.以濕海綿沾取小蘇打粉。 2.刷洗沾有茶垢的部分。 3.以清水沖洗。 餐具（刀叉類）清潔 金屬刀叉只要一陣子沒用，就很容易泛黑、光澤盡失。小蘇打就可以幫助這些餐具重拾光澤，而且是不論不鏽鋼製品或銀製品都可以使用喔！只要在清洗的時候多花點功夫，就可保持餐具閃亮如新。 準備物品：小蘇打1/2小匙、海綿、抹布。 清潔方法：1.以濕海綿沾取小蘇打粉後刷洗。 2.以清水沖洗。 3.用抹布擦乾。 去除垃圾桶臭味 每次打開廚房的垃圾桶就會聞到一股臭味。 小蘇打不僅可以消除這個惱人的臭味，更可抑制造成臭味的微生物繁殖。 準備物品：小蘇打粉適量。 清潔方法：1.在開關垃圾桶時，撒入小蘇打。 2.一天撒3、4次。 清除鏡子水漬 鏡子上常會沾附洗臉時飛濺而來的水漬，看到這樣骯髒的鏡子，心情都會變灰暗。這時只要用小蘇打擦拭鏡面，鏡子立刻就會明亮起來。 準備物品：小蘇打粉1小匙、溫水1杯、抹布。 清潔方法：1.將小蘇打粉溶於溫水中。 2.用抹布沾1.的溫水，擦拭鏡子。 3.以乾抹布擦拭。 去除運動鞋污垢 沾滿泥巴的運動鞋只要用小蘇打清洗，不僅會比用洗衣機洗還乾淨，連裡面的污垢也會清潔溜溜，還能達到除臭的效果。 準備物品：小蘇打粉1/4杯、肥皂、溫水、海綿。 清洗方法：1.準備一桶溫水，倒入小蘇打粉使其溶解。 2.放入運動鞋，靜置一晚。 3.以刷子沾取肥皂刷洗，之後用清水沖乾淨。 清除羽絨衣髒污 冬天必穿的羽絨外套，如果是聚酯材質，自己在家就可以簡單清潔。對付輕微的髒污，不用急著送洗，試著自己來吧！準備物品：小蘇打粉1小匙、抹布、刷子。 清洗方法：1.用濕布沾取適量小蘇打粉刷洗。 2.等待乾燥後，用刷子刷掉小蘇打粉。 消除奶瓶異味 小嬰兒的奶瓶常會有牛奶殘留的味道，而這股味道可以用小蘇打和熱水去除喔！若能浸泡一個晚上，效果會更好。 準備物品：小蘇打粉2大匙、熱水。 清潔方法：1.將小蘇打粉倒入奶瓶中，再倒入熱水。 2.搖晃奶瓶直到小蘇打呈透明狀，靜置兩個小時以上。 3.以清水沖洗，放至完全乾燥。 讓葉片有光澤 只要在葉片上噴灑小蘇打水擦拭，就能使盆栽的葉片充滿光澤。 準備物品：小蘇打粉 。 清潔方法：1.將小蘇打水噴灑在葉片上，再以抹布擦拭。 使鮮花更持久 小蘇打可以讓花瓶裡的鮮花綻放得更久。與其使用市售的藥品，不如選擇對植物溫和的小蘇打。 準備物品：小蘇打粉1/2小匙、水1杯。 保養方法：1.將小蘇打粉與水混合，製作小蘇打水。 ２.將1.倒入花瓶，再插入鮮花。 **************************** 小蘇打粉的化學名稱為碳酸氫鈉，呈弱鹼性。它可以自然地分解、無毒性、不會污染環境，而且不刺激皮膚 小蘇打粉應保持乾燥以免結塊，可倒入密封罐中保存，也可用家中空的咖啡罐。不但有防潮效果，而且透明瓶身可一眼辨別內容物。 (1)小蘇打 (Baking soda) 除了可以做糕點外，它還有許多其他的用途哦！ 加強洗碗精的除油膩功能 小蘇打可以加強洗碗精的除油膩功能，減少洗碗精的用量。加二湯匙的小蘇打到稀釋的洗碗精水中，可以幫助去除鍋碗瓢盤上的油膩。如果器具上黏有的難洗的殘餘食物，先泡在小蘇打╱洗碗精的水中，再用海棉倒上乾的小蘇打粉，輕輕刷洗就可以洗掉了，乾的小蘇打粉可以幫助刮去殘餘物，但卻不會刮傷器具。 去除冰箱冷藏室和冷凍室的異味 在美國超市都可買到一磅裝的盒裝小蘇打，如果買不到就用開口的容器，裡面裝約二杯的小蘇打，放在冰箱冷藏室和冷凍室中 (置於中間較後方) ，就可消除冰箱中的異味。而且記得在容器上標上日期，因為每三個月就該換新鮮的小蘇打哦！ 清潔微波爐內部 微波爐用完後常會有些殘餘的食物痕跡和氣味，四杯水中加入四湯匙小蘇打，用海棉沾小蘇打水去擦拭微波爐的內部，擦完再用清水擦拭一遍，如果有難洗的痕跡，就直接用沾了小蘇打粉的海棉擦拭，再用清水擦一遍。微波爐不方便用太多水清潔，所以如果用洗潔精擦拭，就很難徹底洗淨殘留的清潔劑，用這個方法不但可以清潔內部又可以消除異味，也不用擔心殘留清潔劑的困擾了。 消除塑膠耐熱容器的異味 裝了食物後的塑膠容器，雖然洗乾淨了但有時仍會有一股異味，所以平時用海棉沾小蘇打粉來洗，對於較難消除的異味，再將容器浸泡在四杯水加四湯匙小蘇打粉的溫熱溶液中，就能消除殘存的異味了。 消除砧板的異味 砧板切了洋蔥、大蒜之後，異味很容易留在砧板上，甚至還會讓別的食物也沾上了異味，用小蘇打粉來刷洗就可以去除異味，保持砧板沒有異味。 恢復銀器的光亮 銀質餐具失去光亮的色澤時，用 3:1 (小蘇打粉：水) 的比例調成糊來擦拭銀器，再用清水沖洗擦乾，就能恢復銀器原來的光亮了。 清除咖啡和茶垢 享受了咖啡和茶之後，可用四杯水加四分之一杯小蘇打粉來清洗，對於比較久而不好洗的咖啡和茶垢，可以泡在小蘇打水中過夜再洗。 保持海棉清新沒異味 把海棉泡在濃的小蘇打水中，可以保持海棉清新沒異味。 刷牙 鹽巴或小蘇打粉都是極好的天然「牙粉」，市售牙膏多添加糖精、色素、防腐劑；而強調天然成份的牙膏不外乎添加了食鹽或小蘇打粉，您不妨試一試這具有溫和磨砂效果的「牙粉」。 清潔髒污 油垢、焦黑等是經常出現在烹調器具上，難以清潔的髒污。市售清潔劑雖可去除污垢，但卻讓許多人擔心，會留下對人體有害的化學成分，可以用無化學成分的小蘇打粉清潔。 ★調水裝清潔罐 利用家中有噴頭的清潔劑空罐，裡面裝入小蘇打粉與水，約6比1的比例，搖勻後就可以變成天然清潔劑。 抽油煙機 1 先在抽油煙機下方鋪1層報紙，以免噴小蘇打水時，污水滴在流理台上。 2 在抽油煙機髒污處，噴約10至15下小蘇打水，靜待約3分鐘用抹布擦拭即可。 瓦斯爐架 1 為了避免水滴入瓦斯爐內而發生危險，可先把瓦斯架取下放在水槽內，噴約10至15下的小蘇打水。 2 靜待約3分鐘，用不要的牙刷刷洗後沖水，即可去除瓦斯架因經常接觸火源而產生的焦黑痕跡。 烘碗機 用裝有小蘇打粉水的清潔罐，在烘碗機蓋上均勻噴灑小蘇打水後，靜待約3分鐘再用抹布擦拭，也可用小蘇打水清潔烘碗機內架等其它部分。 小撇步 ★若是較油膩的污垢，如抽油煙機上的油污，可用小蘇打粉與溫水，比例約為6比1，會比較容易清潔。 ★較嚴重的污垢可多噴點小蘇打水，靜待較長的時間後，反覆多擦幾次，即可去污。 ★可用家中的舊布來擦拭髒污，建議清潔完就可以丟掉，以免再使用造成病菌傳染。 去除異味 家中許多地方，會有難聞的味道，如冰箱、地毯等。其實，不用花錢購買市售的芳香劑，只要用小蘇打粉，也可以去除異味喔！ ★裝養樂多空瓶 將養樂多空罐割成1半，把小蘇打粉裝在養樂多空罐裡，放在鞋櫃、冰箱等處，變成除臭盒。不論更換小蘇打粉或直接換養樂多罐都很方便。 冰箱 養樂多罐中裝1匙小蘇打粉放在冰箱角落，用來去除食材腥臭味，每星期更換1次即可。 鞋櫃 鞋櫃裡放裝有1匙小蘇打粉的養樂多罐，可去除櫃內的悶臭味，約每星期更換1次即可。 ★分裝在牙籤罐 在牙籤罐中裝小蘇打粉，就像胡椒罐的作用一般，利用牙籤罐上的小細孔，較能控制每次使用的分量。 地毯 地毯使用一陣子後，會有一股難聞的味道，可在地毯上撒1層小蘇打粉，靜置約5分鐘後，用吸塵器吸乾淨即可。 食材烹調 烹調時，也可利用牙籤罐上的小細孔，少量且均勻的在食材上撒小蘇打粉。 肉類 在肉類上撒少許小蘇打粉，用手拌勻後再烹調，可使肉較軟嫩。 海帶 煮海帶時撒少許小蘇打粉，可使海帶較容易煮軟。煮軟後的海帶再進行烹煮。 青菜 炒綠色蔬菜時，撒上少許的小蘇打粉，也可以使青菜更加地翠綠。 美容.健康 4％的小蘇打溶液在婦科用於沖洗陰道或坐浴，可以使陰道內呈鹼性狀態，抑制黴菌的繁殖，用來治療黴菌性陰道炎。 5％的小蘇打溶液用來滴耳，有軟化耵聹的作用。 小蘇打軟化粉刺面膜 材料：烘培蘇打1/2茶匙..熱水3 ~4匙..面膜紙一張 功效：柔軟軟化的粉刺 適用膚質：粉刺及毛孔粗大肌膚 製作方法：將蘇打加熱水溶解後，用面膜紙沾取；若小蘇打無法完全溶解，稍 微用小火煮沸。 使用方法：將面膜紙敷於臉上，避開眼部及唇部周圍，待10分鐘後取下，這時 可輕易將黑頭粉刺輕輕擠掉，之後別忘了用冷水清洗臉部並拍上收 斂化妝水收縮毛細孔，建議每週使用1次。
小蘇打粉 通水管--網路轉載 分類：檸檬樹 2009/12/11 21:59 我家的廚房水管是一般的膠管，長時間洗碗盤後，一些菜雜油脂常常會塞住管子，又不能用通樂，因為通樂會腐蝕膠管，後來在一本舊書上學到只要利用小蘇打粉就可以徹底解決這個煩惱。 水槽瀝乾後用大約五湯匙的小蘇打粉灑在去水口邊緣，然後倒滾開水慢慢將小蘇打粉沖下水管，再找個塞子或能蓋住去水口的東西將它蓋住，１０到１５分鐘後打開水龍頭沖水，就可以暢通無阻了... 我試過這方法，很好用，也不會出現化學藥劑的臭味，而且到現在水管都沒再塞過，原理是因為小蘇打粉遇見熱水會產生壓力，將水管裡的雜物壓出去，還可以除臭耶！ 這方法很環保，又便宜，雜貨店賣一包小蘇打粉才３０元，提供給大家做參考！
小蘇打粉 通水管--網路轉載分類：檸檬樹 2009/12/11 21:59 我家的廚房水管是一般的膠管，長時間洗碗盤後，一些菜雜油脂常常會塞住管子，又不能用通樂，因為通樂會腐蝕膠管，後來在一本舊書上學到只要利用小蘇打粉就可以徹底解決這個煩惱。 水槽瀝乾後用大約五湯匙的小蘇打粉灑在去水口邊緣，然後倒滾開水慢慢將小蘇打粉沖下水管，再找個塞子或能蓋住去水口的東西將它蓋住，１０到１５分鐘後打開水龍頭沖水，就可以暢通無阻了... 我試過這方法，很好用，也不會出現化學藥劑的臭味，而且到現在水管都沒再塞過，原理是因為小蘇打粉遇見熱水會產生壓力，將水管裡的雜物壓出去，還可以除臭耶！ 這方法很環保，又便宜，雜貨店賣一包小蘇打粉才３０元，提供給大家做參考！
2010年11月6日 星期六
電腦斷層掃描 肺癌死亡率降2成
電腦斷層掃描 肺癌死亡率降2成【聯合報╱編譯組╱綜合報導】 2010.11.06 02:59 am 紐約時報報導，美國國家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute)4日公布的研究指出，重度吸菸者每年進行CT電腦斷層掃描檢查，可降低20%的肺癌死亡率。而且更令人驚訝的是，這種掃描還能降低其他疾病的死亡率。 這項發現是肺癌檢測方式的一個重大進展。儘管CT掃描成本高昂，卻可能每年拯救成千上萬人的生命。美國每年有16萬人死於肺癌，超過結腸癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、攝護腺癌死亡人數的總和。大多數患者發現肺癌時已經太遲，發現後的死亡率高達85%。 過去任何檢測方式都不能降低肺癌死亡率。1970年代進行的四項試驗顯示，X光胸部透視有助於發現早期肺癌，但不能降低肺癌死亡率。後來研究者指出，CT掃描比常規X光胸透能發現更早階段的肺癌，但沒有證明CT掃描能降低死亡率。 國家癌症研究所的伯格博士說：「這是我們首次在一次受控的隨機試驗中，發現某種檢測方法可顯著降低肺癌死亡率的明確證據。」 這項試驗稱為「全國肺部透視試驗」，受試者為5萬3000多名55至74歲現在和過去的重度吸菸者。研究者在兩年內，對受試者做常規X光或低劑量CT掃描，一共進行三次檢測，然後對受試者進行五年的追蹤。接受CT掃描的人有354人死於肺癌，接受常規X光的有442人死於肺癌。 康乃爾醫學院克勞蒂婭．亨希克博士表示，該研究低估CT掃描的好處，如果這項試驗進行十年，80%的肺癌死者可以存活。 【2010/11/06 聯合報】@ http://udn.com/
2010年7月12日 星期一
兒童讀書會系列－『兒童閱讀創意營（中年級=?BIG5?B?oV6heg==?=
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2010年1月15日 星期五
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- Earnings
- Wages
- Related Occupations
- Sources of Additional Information
Significant Points
- Employment is projected to grow faster than average; those with knowledge of more than one diagnostic imaging procedure will have the best employment opportunities.
- Formal training programs in radiography are offered in hospitals or colleges and universities and lead to a certificate, an associate degree, or a bachelor's degree.
- Most States require licensure, and requirements vary.
- Although hospitals will remain the primary employer, a number of new jobs will be found in physicians' offices and diagnostic imaging centers.
Nature of the Work About this section
Radiologic technologists and technicians perform diagnostic imaging examination. Radiologic technicians perform imaging examinations like x rays while technologists use other imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and mammography.
Radiologic technicians, sometimes referred to as radiographers, produce x-ray films (radiographs) of parts of the human body for use in diagnosing medical problems. They prepare patients for radiologic examinations by explaining the procedure, removing jewelry and other articles through which x rays cannot pass, and positioning patients so that the parts of the body can be appropriately radiographed. To prevent unnecessary exposure to radiation, these workers surround the exposed area with radiation protection devices, such as lead shields, or limit the size of the x-ray beam. Radiographers position radiographic equipment at the correct angle and height over the appropriate area of a patient's body. Using instruments similar to a measuring tape they may measure the thickness of the section to be radiographed and set controls on the x-ray machine to produce radiographs of the appropriate density, detail, and contrast.
Radiologic technologists and technicians must follow physicians' orders precisely and conform to regulations concerning the use of radiation to protect themselves, their patients, and their coworkers from unnecessary exposure.
In addition to preparing patients and operating equipment, radiologic technologists and technicians keep patient records and adjust and maintain equipment. They also may prepare work schedules, evaluate purchases of equipment, or manage a radiology department.
Radiologic technologists perform more complex imaging procedures. When performing fluoroscopies, for example, radiologic technologists prepare a solution for the patient to drink, allowing the radiologist (a physician who interprets radiographs) to see soft tissues in the body.
Some radiologic technologists specialize in computed tomography (CT), as CT technologists. CT scans produce a substantial amount of cross-sectional x rays of an area of the body. From those cross-sectional x rays, a three-dimensional image is made. The CT uses ionizing radiation; therefore, it requires the same precautionary measures that are used with x rays.
Radiologic technologists also can specialize in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) as MR technologists. MR, like CT, produces multiple cross-sectional images to create a 3-dimensional image. Unlike CT and x rays, MR uses non-ionizing radio frequency to generate image contrast.
Radiologic technologists might also specialize in mammography. Mammographers use low dose x-ray systems to produce images of the breast.
In addition to radiologic technologists, others who conduct diagnostic imaging procedures include cardiovascular technologists and technicians, diagnostic medical sonographers, and nuclear medicine technologists. (Each is discussed elsewhere in the Handbook.)
Work environment. Physical stamina is important in this occupation because technologists and technicians are on their feet for long periods and may lift or turn disabled patients. Technologists and technicians work at diagnostic machines but also may perform some procedures at patients' bedsides. Some travel to patients in large vans equipped with sophisticated diagnostic equipment.
Although radiation hazards exist in this occupation, they are minimized by the use of lead aprons, gloves, and other shielding devices, and by instruments monitoring exposure to radiation. Technologists and technicians wear badges measuring radiation levels in the radiation area, and detailed records are kept on their cumulative lifetime dose.
Most full-time radiologic technologists and technicians work about 40 hours a week. They may, however, have evening, weekend, or on-call hours. Some radiologic technologists and technicians work part time for more than one employer; for those, travel to and from facilities must be considered.
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement About this section
There are multiple paths to entry into this profession offered in hospitals or colleges and universities. Most States require licensure, and requirements vary.
Education and training. Formal training programs in radiography lead to a certificate, an associate degree, or a bachelor's degree. An associate degree is the most prevalent form of educational attainment among radiologic technologists and technicians. Some may receive a certificate. Certificate programs typically last around 21-24 months.
The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology accredits formal training programs in radiography. The committee accredited 213 programs resulting in a certificate, 397 programs resulting in an associate degree, and 35 resulting in a bachelor's degree in 2009. The programs provide both classroom and clinical instruction in anatomy and physiology, patient care procedures, radiation physics, radiation protection, principles of imaging, medical terminology, positioning of patients, medical ethics, radiobiology, and pathology.
Students interested in radiologic technology should take high school courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology.
Licensure. Federal legislation protects the public from the hazards of unnecessary exposure to medical and dental radiation by ensuring that operators of radiologic equipment are properly trained. However, it is up to each State to require licensure of radiologic technologists. Most States require licensure for practicing radiologic technologists. Licensing requirements vary by State; for specific requirements contact your State's health board.
Certification and other qualifications. The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) offers voluntary certification for radiologic technologists. In addition, a number of States use ARRT-administered exams for State licensing purposes. To be eligible for certification, technologists must graduate from an ARRT-approved accredited program and pass an examination. Many employers prefer to hire certified radiologic technologists. In order to maintain an ARRT certification, 24 hours of continuing education must be completed every 2 years.
Radiologic technologists should be sensitive to patients' physical and psychological needs. They must pay attention to detail, follow instructions, and work as part of a team. In addition, operating complicated equipment requires mechanical ability and manual dexterity.
Advancement.
With experience and additional training, staff technologists may become specialists, performing CT scanning, MR, mammography, or bone densitometry. Technologists also may advance, with additional education and certification, to become a radiologist assistant. The ARRT offers specialty certification in many radiologic specialties as well as a credentialing for radiologist assistants.
Experienced technologists also may be promoted to supervisor, chief radiologic technologist, and, ultimately, department administrator or director. Depending on the institution, courses or a master's degree in business or health administration may be necessary for the director's position.
Some technologists progress by specializing in the occupation to become instructors or directors in radiologic technology educational programs; others take jobs as sales representatives or instructors with equipment manufacturers.
Employment About this section
Radiologic technologists held about 214,700 jobs in 2008. About 61 percent of all jobs were in hospitals. Most other jobs were in offices of physicians; medical and diagnostic laboratories, including diagnostic imaging centers; and outpatient care centers.
Job Outlook About this section
Employment is projected to grow faster than average. Those with knowledge of more than one diagnostic imaging procedure—such as CT, MR, and mammography—will have the best employment opportunities.
Employment change. Employment of radiologic technologists is expected to increase by about 17 percent from 2008 to 2018, faster than the average for all occupations. As the population grows and ages, there will be an increasing demand for diagnostic imaging. With age comes increased incidence of illness and injury, which often requires diagnostic imaging for diagnosis. In addition to diagnosis, diagnostic imaging is used to monitor the progress of disease treatment. With the increasing success of medical technologies in treating disease, diagnostic imaging will increasingly be needed to monitor progress of treatment.
The extent to which diagnostic imaging procedures are performed depends largely on cost and reimbursement considerations. However, accurate early disease detection allows for lower cost of treatment in the long run, which many third-party payers find favorable.
Although hospitals will remain the principal employer of radiologic technologists, a number of new jobs will be found in offices of physicians and diagnostic imaging centers. As technology advances many imaging modalities are becoming less expensive and more feasible to have in a physician's office
Job prospects. In addition to job growth, job openings also will arise from the need to replace technologists who leave the occupation. Those with knowledge of more than one diagnostic imaging procedure—such as CT, MR, and mammography—will have the best employment opportunities as employers seek to control costs by using multi-credentialed employees.
Demand for radiologic technologists and technicians can tend to be regional with some areas having large demand, while other areas are saturated. Technologists and technicians willing to relocate may have better job prospects.
CT is continuing to become a frontline diagnosis tool. Instead of taking x rays to decide whether a CT is needed, as was the practice before, it is often the first choice for imaging because of its accuracy. MR also is increasingly used. Technologists with credentialing in either of these specialties will be very marketable to employers.
Projections Data About this section
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Occupational Title |
SOC Code |
Employment, 2008 |
Projected Employment, 2018 |
Change, 2008-18 |
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Radiologic technologists and technicians |
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NOTE: Data in this table are rounded. See the discussion of the employment projections table in the Handbook introductory chapter on Occupational Information Included in the Handbook. | |||||||
Earnings About this section
The median annual wage of radiologic technologists was $52,210 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,710 and $63,010. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $35,100, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $74,970. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of radiologic technologists in 2008 were:
| Medical and diagnostic laboratories | $55,210 |
| Federal Executive Branch | 53,650 |
| General medical and surgical hospitals | 52,890 |
| Outpatient care centers | 50,840 |
| Offices of physicians | 48,530 |
Related Occupations About this section
Radiologic technologists operate sophisticated equipment to help physicians, dentists, and other health practitioners diagnose and treat patients. Workers in related healthcare occupations include:
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
Diagnostic medical sonographers
Nuclear medicine technologists
Sources of Additional Information About this section
- American Society of Radiologic Technologists, 15000 Central Ave. SE., Albuquerque, NM 87123. Internet: http://www.asrt.org/
- Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology, 20 N. Wacker Dr., Suite 2850, Chicago, IL 60606-3182. Internet: http://www.jrcert.org/
- American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, 1255 Northland Dr., St. Paul, MN 55120-1155. Internet: http://www.arrt.org/
For information on careers in radiologic technology, contact:
For the current list of accredited education programs in radiography, contact:
For certification information, contact:
O*NET-SOC Code Coverage About this section
Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition, Radiologic Technologists and Technicians, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos105.htm (visited January 15, 2010).
Last Modified Date: December 17, 2009
2010年1月14日 星期四
Roentgenology ,plain film
plain film與蟲
Roentgenology是「醫學史」上重要的發展。我要說是醫學史，而不是醫學。因為醫學上把放射線學當作是診斷的工具，而重要性就是因為這是機械影像，這是一個工具。
這是第一次，人類不再以「病人」為客體，利用病史和機械影像解釋「病人」病徵背後代表的病理意義。在Roentgenology所再現的文化意義裡，傾向客觀、傾向不帶價值評斷的穿透人體，利用無機的底片，反映一張病人之外的plain film。在這個語境之中，所謂的「真實」，是被plain flim所中介的；plain film被稱作「素片」，plain 是素、modest、simple。
《易經?繫辭上》寫到：「現者，見也」，我總是分不清「看」與「現」的哪邊是哪邊的擬仿物，哪邊是所謂再現的另一邊；像是憂鬱與病理，像是痛苦與陳述它們。但是當一張影像被稱之為「素」，雖然那是我不明白的雜亂無章，那是我不明白的黑影與灰白；我卻知道去當醫療過程被Roentgenology介入後，解釋、分析這些交錯的黑影，多少是把觀點從「what appears」，移轉到「how it appears」，「it」，是成立為「客體」的「這張」「素片」，而非「這位」「病人」。
於是，被診斷的是素片、是蟲，而不是病人。
http://www.hss.nthu.edu.tw/~apcs/gbook/viewtopic.php?CID=22&Topic_ID=153
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