主旨:修頒「應告知病人事項處理準則」,自即日起實施,原九十七年 三月二十七日公布之「應告知病人事項處理準則」同時作廢,請 查照。說明: 一、為使病人告知之各項作業符合醫院評鑑規定及實務需求,檢 討修訂「應告知病人事項處理準則」,本次修訂內容重點如 下: (一)各院區對於收治住院與初次就診之病人,均應請病人簽署 「一般醫療知情同意書」,並歸入病歷保存。 (二)告知病人相關事務之方式,應依病人或家屬可以瞭解的方 式進行並考量殘障者的告知方式,可採特殊方式例如手 語、點字板或溝通畫冊等予以告知,且應於病歷記錄告知 之主要內容、告知之對象以及時間。 (三)各單位人員於執行業務時,應主動告知病人於本院就醫時 之權利與責任、落實注意維護病人之醫療權利,並適時教 育民眾病人應盡之責任,以維持健康和諧的醫療環境。 (四)病人或其家屬選擇診療方式後,如欲改變診療方式,接受 病人或其家屬訊息之照護人員應即時通知診療負責醫師, 經診療醫師確認病人之診療意願後,應予尊重並詳實記載 於病歷,並重新擬定治療計畫提供予病人或其家屬簽名表 示同意。 (五)病人或其家屬選擇診療方式後,如因故拒絕接受診療,所 有醫療團隊人員均應就本職內予以說明病人不接受診療的 可能結果以及須承擔之風險,經診療醫師確認病人確無接 受診療意願後,應予尊重並詳實記載於病歷,並請病人或 其家屬於病歷適當處簽名表示意願。 二、修訂前後條文對照如附件一。 三、修訂後規章全文如附件二。
2010年12月24日 星期五
2010年12月23日 星期四
放射師
案發後,闕姓X光放射師以要就讀放射醫學科博士班理由辭職,將入監服刑。八十九年十二月十九日凌晨一時卅八分,一名女子因搭黃姓男友機車發生事故受傷,經由黃的孫姓朋友將她送到長庚急診。凌晨二時許,主治醫師開具X光片檢查單,由孫將女子推往X光檢查室。闕姓放射師以孫姓男子不是女子的親友將他請出檢查室,闕利用女子受傷昏迷疲軟,雙手無力,撫摸女子胸部、下體,且以手指性侵。凌晨三點多,女被害人向黃姓男友哭訴,黃通報警衛室,並在出院後報案。由於性侵場合只有闕姓放射師和女被害人在場,闕否認性侵,最高法院曾經二度發回更審。不過,法院認為案發後,警方從闕的手指甲發現血跡,闕若接觸病患身體,應戴手套,手指甲不可能沾染血跡,足證闕確用手指性侵時逢月事的女被害人。同時,案發後,闕父曾協同醫院的X光技術科趙姓主任約被害人的黃姓男友見面,闕父想以五萬元和解,遭黃以「我們不是賣肉的」拒絕。趙在法院作證,證實陪同闕父與黃談和解。案子前後審理九年,最後闕仍被判刑定讞。
2010年12月15日 星期三
2010年12月9日 星期四
每月泡澡添加
2月泡蘿蔔,可殺菌、並預防虛冷、感冒。
3月泡艾草,可治腰痛、生理不順及恢復疲勞。
4月泡玫瑰花,可治皮膚的炎症及美容。
5月泡菖莆,可治腹痛、神經痛、風濕痛。
6月泡蕺菜,可治香港腳、鼻炎、蟲咬。
7月泡蘆薈,可治燙傷、濕疹、美容。
8月泡桃葉,可治挫傷、斑疹、日晒。
9月泡菊花,可治痛風、肩硬、腰痛。
10月泡茗荷,可治肌肉痛、凍傷、消除疲勞。
11月泡橘子,可防感冒、腰痛、美肌。
12月泡柚子,可防虛冷、神經痛、感冒。
但泡澡也有注意事項,例如艾草有促進陣痛作用,所以孕婦要避免,橘子和柚子則有刺激皮膚的成分,皮膚較不好的人應避免。
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2010年11月17日 星期三
生活小常識100招
生活小常識100招
1.在衣領和袖口處均勻地塗上一些牙膏,用毛刷輕輕刷洗,再用清水漂淨,即可除去
污漬。
2.只要在新房間內放一碗醋,兩三天后,新房的油漆味就會很快消失。
3.毛衣袖口或領口失去了彈性,可將袖口或衣領在熱水中浸泡20分鐘,晾乾後即可恢
復彈性。
4.把生黑斑的鋁製品泡在醋水混合液中,10分鐘後取出清洗,便會光潔如新。
5.將新買的牛仔褲放入濃鹽中浸泡12小時,再用清水洗淨,以後再洗滌時就不易褪
色。
6.選購羽絨服時,可將羽絨服放在桌子上,用手拍打,蓬鬆度越高說明絨質越好,含
絨量也越多。
7.金首飾表面發舊,用鹿皮(或其他柔軟的皮)蘸少許牙膏輕輕擦拭,既可光亮如
新。
8.要去除烤爐內的污物,請在爐子還溫熱的時候把鹽撒在上面,冷卻後,再用濕海綿
體擦拭即可。
9.室內植物,例如菊花、常春藤、吊蘭,是天然的空氣清新劑。
10.用45毫升白醋和4升冷水的溶液拭擦,就可使窗戶玻璃潔淨透明。
11.切洋蔥等蔬菜時,可將其去皮放入冰箱冷凍室存放數小時後再切,就不會刺眼流淚
了。
12.車船行駛途中,將鮮薑片隨時放在鼻孔下面聞,使辛辣味吸入鼻中,可以防暈車。
13.家用電器的縫隙裡常常會積藏很多灰塵,可將廢舊的毛筆用來清除,非常方便。
14.將曬乾的殘茶葉,在衛生間燃燒熏煙,能除去污穢處的惡臭。
15.在墨汁中加少量肥皂水(或茶水),攪拌均勻,用這樣的墨汁寫出的字跡可保持色
跡不變。
16.CD片不小心刮傷,只要用油性筆塗在刮痕上即可,不論什麼顏色的油性筆都可以。
17.價錢卷標很難撕掉,可用吹風機吹熱一下再撕,會很輕鬆的撕下來,不留一點痕
跡。
18.新鮮蛋用燈光照,空頭很小,蛋內完全透亮,呈桔紅色,蛋內無黑點,無紅影。
19.洗完臉後,用手指沾些細鹽在鼻頭兩側輕輕摩擦,用清水沖淨,黑頭粉刺就會清除
乾淨。
20.新做好的頭髮只要睡前在枕頭上舖一條質地光滑的絲巾,就可以防止頭髮變型。
21.在1斤麵粉裡摻入6個蛋清,包的餃子起鍋後收水快,不易粘連。
22.將殘茶葉浸入水中數天后,澆在植物根部,可促進植物生長。
23.燉肉時用陳皮,香味濃郁;吃牛羊肉加白芷,可除羶增鮮;自製香腸用肉桂,味道
鮮美。
24.豆漿不可與藥物同飲,會破壞豆漿的營養成分,如四環素等抗生類藥物等。
25.煎荷包蛋時,在蛋的周圍滴幾滴熱水,煎好的蛋特別鮮美。
26.取新鮮桔子皮若干,分散放入冰箱內,三天后打開冰箱,清香撲鼻,異味全無。
27.蘿蔔與羊肉同煮,或在鍋中放幾料綠豆,都可除去腥羶味。
28.上午喝綠茶開胃、醒神,下午泡飲枸杞可以改善體質,有利安眠。
29.將魚洗淨放入淘米水中浸泡兩小時,經這樣處理的魚燒出來味道鮮嫩可口。
30.吃葷之後不要立即喝茶,茶葉中含有大量靶酸蛋白質,這種蛋白質能引起脂肪肝。
31.凡紅色或紫色的棉織物,若用醋配以清水洗滌,可使光澤如新。
32.早晚空腹吃個蘋果,有利於治療中老年人便秘。
33.廚房的地板屯積油垢後,拖地前,不妨在拖把上倒入一些醋就能輕鬆去除油污。
34.烤肉食用前,記得滴上新鮮檸檬汁,除了增添風味外,檸檬中的vitC上有解毒作
用。
35.瓶中插的鮮花不防在清水中加幾滴白醋或漂白水,即可使保持花朵鮮豔如初。
36.當衣褲的拉練卡住或不易拉動時,先塗上蠟,再以乾布擦拭,就能輕鬆拉動。
37.新購的有色花布,第一次下水時,加鹽浸泡十五分鐘後再取出沖洗,可防止布料褪
色。
38.牛奶過期不能喝時,可將抹布浸濕,用來擦桌子地板,很快就可以將污垢除去。
39.若將鋁製鍋燒焦,可在鍋中放個洋蔥和少許水加以煮沸,不久所有的燒焦物都會浮
起來。
40.小鏡或櫥鏡等有了污垢,可用軟布浸濕煤油或蘸蠟擦拭。
41.舊照片變新法:照片舊或髒了,用棉花蘸點酒精擦拭,擦後如新的一樣。
42.用紙巾蘸少許花露水,擦拭電話機身、聽筒及按鍵或手機,能使電話、手機保持潔
淨。
43.煮老牛肉時,可在牛肉大塊上塗抹一層芥末粉,次日煮前洗淨,肉爛且嫩。
44.可用半乾的肥皂土擦鏡片兩面,然後抹勻拭亮。用此法,眼鏡片遇熱不容易發霧
氣。
45.試用蒸汽熨斗在凹處噴一些蒸氣,然後用熨斗燙。用硬毛的牙刷挑起凹處的毛在輕
輕刷順,即可去除地毯上的傢俱置痕。
46.利用鋁箔紙,將二、三張疊在一起,用剪刀剪一剪,就可以使剪刀恢復銳利。
47.以棉花棒沾酒精,可以清除收錄音機磁頭上的灰塵。只是如此就能使音質復元。
48.可以在煙灰缸內灑一點鹽,再以軟木塞或抹布擦拭,即可去除污垢。
49.裙襟、褲腳摺痕先以舊牙刷塗一點薄醋在摺痕上,然後以低溫燙,就幾乎看不出來
了。
50.可將新絲襪放進冷凍庫中,凍硬直接取出自然解凍後,穿上時就不會脫線了。
51.棉質的黑色衣服褪色時,可在水中加一點啤酒沖洗就可防止褪色。
52.在洗白色絲襯衫之前,先塗上牛奶。如此就能不可思議地防止變黃。
53.將衣物柔軟劑以十倍水稀釋,再用紙巾或軟布沾取輕拭CD音響表面,可以輕鬆去除
灰塵。
54.可將有裂痕的盤子放進鍋裡倒入牛奶,加熱四至五分鐘,取出盤子後裂痕幾乎消失
不見。
55.將餅乾裝罐時同時放進一塊方糖。方糖會吸收罐中的濕氣,可保持餅乾的香脆可
口。
56.雞蛋加入少許溫水攪拌倒入油鍋炒,炒時往鍋裡滴少許酒,這樣炒出的雞蛋蓬鬆鮮
嫩。
57.新買的砂鍋首次使用,最好用來熬粥或煮濃淘米水,以堵塞砂鍋的微細孔隙,防止
滲水。
58.煮飯不宜用生水。若用開水煮飯,維生素B1可免受損失。
59.生日蠟燭先放到冰箱冷凍室裡冷凍24小時,再插到蛋糕上點燃後就沒燭油流下弄髒
蛋糕。
60.正版手機機身號碼,外包裝號碼,從手機上調出的號碼三號應該是一致的。
61.煮麵時在水面加一湯匙油,麵條就不會沾了,還能防止麵湯起泡沫溢出鍋外。
62.將牛肉塗上芥末,洗淨後加少許醋或用紗布包一點茶葉與牛肉同煮,都可使牛肉易
熟。
63.毛衣洗滌時水溫不要超過30度,用中性洗滌劑,過最後一遍水加少許醋,能防止毛
衣縮水。
64.把裝有熱水的杯子放入冷水中浸泡,然後在冷水中撒上一把鹽,這樣能加速開水的
冷卻。
65.烹調蔬菜時,加點菱粉類澱粉,可使湯變得稠濃,而且對維生素有保護作用。
66.在風扇扇葉上灑上幾滴風油精,隨著風葉的不停轉動,可使滿室清香,而且可以驅
蚊。
67.煮雞蛋時,可先將雞蛋放入冷水中浸泡,再放入熱水里煮,這樣煮好的雞蛋殼易於
剝掉。
68.用葡萄汁代替白開水送服降壓藥,能使血壓降得平穩,且不會出現血壓忽高忽低的
現象。
69.新砧板在上下兩面及周邊塗上食用油,油乾後再塗三四遍,這樣處理的砧板經久耐
用
70.做菜或做湯如果味道咸,可拿土豆切成兩半放入湯裡煮幾分鐘,這樣湯就能由咸變
淡。
71.煮肉想使湯味鮮美,可把肉放入冷水中慢慢地煮;想使肉味鮮美,可把肉放在熱水
里煮。
72.塗指甲油之前,先用棉花蘸醋把指甲擦乾淨,等醋乾後再塗指甲油,指甲油就不易
脫落。
73.用絲線可將鬆花蛋割開,既均勻又不粘蛋黃。將刀在熱水中燙了再切,也切的整齊
漂亮。
74.吃過大蒜後,喝杯牛奶,可消除大蒜遺留在口中的異味。
75.蜂蜜對致病病菌有較強的殺菌能力,經常食用蜂蜜能預防齲齒的發生。
76.日光燈管使用數月後顛倒一下其兩端接觸極,壽命就可延長一倍,也可提高照明
度。
77.香菜富含香精油極易揮發,經不起長時間加熱,香菜最好在食用前加入,以保留其
香氣。
78.偏頭痛可把雙手浸入熱水中,水量以浸過手腕為宜,半小時後,痛感即可減輕。
79.皮膚小面積擦傷可在傷口處塗些牙膏,可以止痛、止血,還可防止傷口化膿。
80.煮排骨時放點醋,可使排骨中的鈣、磷、鐵等礦物質溶解出來,利於吸收。
81.塑料瓶蓋太緊而打不開,將它放入冰箱中冷凍一會,然後就很容易就能擰開。
82.將各種花瓣曬乾後混合置於一匣中,放在起居室或餐廳,就能使滿室飄香。
83.兔毛衫掉毛可把它裝進塑料袋中放入冰箱內冷藏3-4天,就可以防止它掉毛。
84.衣物愛沾絮狀物,可找浸水後擰乾的海綿來擦拭衣物表面,可輕鬆除去其表面的雜
物。
85.只要在切好的苦瓜上撒上鹽,醃漬一會兒並用水過濾,很快苦瓜就不太苦。
86.飲水機用久了,取新鮮檸檬切半去籽,放進飲水機內煮二三個小時,可去除白渣。
87.煮紅豆綠豆先浸水1小時再小火煮十分鐘,然後熄火燜半小時再煮,可保持湯汁香
濃
88.觸摸塑料袋手感發粘則有毒,手感潤滑則無毒;用力抖動聲音悶澀有毒,清脆的則
無毒。
89.原子筆的污點,將少量的醋倒在衣服的筆跡上,上下來回搓揉,就可以輕易地將痕
跡去除。
90.裝在杯中的果汁放在托盤上運送,只要在杯中插入一支湯匙,果汁不會溢出了。
91.要想保持茶葉中的營養、味道和香氣,沏茶的水溫最好在70℃至80℃之間為宜。
92.空調冷凝水的PH值為中性,十分適合養花、養魚,用於盆景養殖還不易出鹼。
93.將大蒜掰為小瓣後放在熱水中浸泡數分鐘,然後撈出,其皮便可很容易剝。
94.葉類蔬菜先用鹽水(一盆水中放半小匙鹽即可)浸泡,小蟲子很快和菜葉分開。
95.剛油漆好的家具,用軟布蘸了淘米水反复擦拭漆器,再用清水擦淨,能除油漆味。
96.表內進水,可用矽膠的顆粒狀物與手錶放進密閉的容器內,數小時候取出,積水即
消失。
97.飲酒過量已有醉意者,可服50%食醋100至200毫升,解酒毒、養肝腎。
98.失眠可將一湯匙食醋倒入冷開水中,攪勻喝下,如果加入等量的蜂蜜,則效果更
佳。
99.做菜時不小心醋放得多了,可往菜中再加點酒,可使原有醋的酸味減輕。
100.紅糖結成硬塊,將其放在濕度較高的地方,蓋上兩三層擰過的濕布,吸收水分就
可散開。
2010年11月15日 星期一
小蘇打+醋 的無毒清潔法
以前,就只知道洗碗時加白醋清潔可以去除擾人的腥味,特別是處理過肉類、海鮮類的cutting board與料理用刀,白醋去腥的功力一流,就連吃蝦剝殼後的滿手腥味也一併去除的很徹底。
而,蘇打粉就只是烘培糕點時偶爾用到的調味料。怎麼樣也無法將它與居家清潔去污聯想在一塊兒。然而,一次在誠品書店的偶遇《 小蘇打+醋 的無毒清潔法》讓我對小蘇打、醋這原本平淡無奇的廚房調味料看法完全改觀且肅然起敬。
就是這本書!在不知道當「醋」遇見「小蘇打」以前,廚房爐子、壁面、抽油煙機、水槽、乃至浴室浴缸、洗手槽、馬桶......等居家清潔、消毒全部交給「白 X士」、「魔X 靈」及酒精;除了清潔力一流外,使用時還要戴上口罩外加閉氣,化學劑的惡臭仍然在家中各個角落流竄著久久才消。
發現「醋」加「小蘇打」後,居家清潔不再是以身試毒痛苦事一樁,而且,應該說沒想到做家事也是一件快樂又開心的得意事!現在,就來分享主婦見證當「醋」遇見「小蘇打」的神奇功效囉!就是這兩個平淡無奇的廚房用品,為我打造一個無毒的家!
小蘇打粉居家清潔用途→強力去油汙、除濕、去味的無毒天然清潔劑。
平常可以準備小蘇打水、白醋水裝瓶備用。(倒掉「魔 X靈」等的化學清潔劑,將空瓶沖淨拿來裝小蘇打水、白醋水剛剛好)
「小蘇打水」→3大匙的小蘇打粉加 500C.C.的水。
「白醋水」→白醋:水的比例為1:2
清潔用途→廚房(爐子、料理台、微波爐、烤箱、洗碗槽、壁面......)、浴室(洗手槽、洗臉盆、浴缸、馬桶、牆壁....)、冰箱、洗衣服以及清潔洗衣槽等地方。
使用方法:
一?廚房、浴室清潔
1?將小蘇打粉灑在廚房爐子的髒污處靜置約5分鐘,再用一般的廚房用濕抹布擦拭即可去除油汙。
2?如果是對付囤積已久的髒油汙只需在灑上小蘇打粉後再噴灑白醋水在小蘇打粉上,一樣靜置約5分鐘後擦拭即可清除頑汙。
3?一般天天清潔的廚房爐子或料理台只用小蘇打粉水噴灑後靜置約5分鐘後再擦拭即可去除髒汙。
4?同樣的方法用來處理浴室等需清潔的地方。
5?燒焦的鍋子也灑入一匙(約10ml)小蘇打粉加水蓋過燒焦的地方,加熱後熄火靜置20分鐘後即可輕鬆刷淨焦鍋。
6? 微波爐、烤箱:微波碗裝 100c.c.的小蘇打水放置微波爐內,微波一分鐘後取出,利用微波後的蒸氣清潔擦拭絕對清潔溜溜、徹底乾淨,之後,再裝100c.c..的白醋一樣微波一分鐘後取出,微波爐中的食物異味也通通消失囉!烤箱也一樣,但是請記住要用烤箱專用的器具如烤盤、烤碗喔!也可以裝一杯小蘇打粉放在微波爐中靜置一夜,隔天取出後一樣有去異味功能。取出的小蘇打粉還可以重複使用咧!( 鋁製用品不適用小蘇打粉清潔)消毒料理台餐桌清潔後再噴灑白醋水靜置10分鐘,再擦乾就有消毒功用了喔!
二?冰箱清潔每星期的冰箱清潔也適用小蘇打水而後白醋水做最後一次的消毒
三?衣物清潔先生的衣領、袖口,孩子公園玩樂後的「禮物」、吃飯喝咖啡不小心滴落的醬油、咖啡汙漬通通都可以交給小蘇打粉及白醋。
使用方法:
1?一樣是灑上蘇打粉在衣領、袖口等髒污處,噴灑白醋水靜置約20-30分鐘後再刷洗。接下來再用一般的洗衣劑按一般洗衣程序清洗。
2?如果是小孩玩樂後特別髒的衣物,則需將衣物與洗衣劑+小蘇打粉一起浸泡在熱水中約6個小時。接下來再用一般的洗衣劑按一般洗衣程序清洗。
四?洗衣槽清潔每月一次的洗衣槽清潔,一次加入一包的小蘇打粉入放滿水的洗衣槽,啟動洗衣機攪動約5分鐘,關掉開關靜置一夜;隔天洗衣槽內的髒污會一一浮現,再做一次洗衣程序 ( 洗衣、排水 )。
(小蘇打粉除濕、去味用途→ 冰箱、微波爐、衣櫥、鞋櫃、浴室櫥櫃...等地方。
1?用杯子裝一杯小蘇打粉 ( 放在冰箱衣櫥的小蘇打粉,可在杯口加上一層紗布再用橡皮筋綁緊,防止不小心打翻灑出 )放在衣櫥、冰箱、浴室櫥櫃除濕兼去味。(布丁杯很好用喔!)
2?鞋櫃用的小蘇打粉則可使用家中淘汰的舊襪子裝入小蘇打粉。
五?居家消毒1?凡餐桌、櫥櫃、玩具、地板、牆壁、電源開關都可用抹布沾白醋水消毒。
以上,就是主婦的居家無毒清潔好用心得大分享!真的超好用!無毒又健康!!快快丟掉你家的化學清潔劑吧!不但健康又環保,愛家人也愛地球喔!小蘇打粉與白醋都不可以同時加化學清潔劑使用,否則會有結合毒物產生,切記~
此篇為轉載文章與大家分享,出處不可考~
文章部分內容引述來自『小蘇打+醋 的無毒清潔法』
神奇小蘇打 生活大妙用
小蘇打粉 通水管--網路轉載 分類:檸檬樹 2009/12/11 21:59 我家的廚房水管是一般的膠管,長時間洗碗盤後,一些菜雜油脂常常會塞住管子,又不能用通樂,因為通樂會腐蝕膠管,後來在一本舊書上學到只要利用小蘇打粉就可以徹底解決這個煩惱。 水槽瀝乾後用大約五湯匙的小蘇打粉灑在去水口邊緣,然後倒滾開水慢慢將小蘇打粉沖下水管,再找個塞子或能蓋住去水口的東西將它蓋住,10到15分鐘後打開水龍頭沖水,就可以暢通無阻了... 我試過這方法,很好用,也不會出現化學藥劑的臭味,而且到現在水管都沒再塞過,原理是因為小蘇打粉遇見熱水會產生壓力,將水管裡的雜物壓出去,還可以除臭耶! 這方法很環保,又便宜,雜貨店賣一包小蘇打粉才30元,提供給大家做參考!
2010年11月6日 星期六
電腦斷層掃描 肺癌死亡率降2成
2010年7月12日 星期一
兒童讀書會系列-『兒童閱讀創意營(中年級=?BIG5?B?oV6heg==?=
|
2010年1月15日 星期五
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians
- Nature of the Work
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
- Employment
- Job Outlook
- Projections
- Earnings
- Wages
- Related Occupations
- Sources of Additional Information
Significant Points
- Employment is projected to grow faster than average; those with knowledge of more than one diagnostic imaging procedure will have the best employment opportunities.
- Formal training programs in radiography are offered in hospitals or colleges and universities and lead to a certificate, an associate degree, or a bachelor's degree.
- Most States require licensure, and requirements vary.
- Although hospitals will remain the primary employer, a number of new jobs will be found in physicians' offices and diagnostic imaging centers.
Nature of the Work About this section
Radiologic technologists and technicians perform diagnostic imaging examination. Radiologic technicians perform imaging examinations like x rays while technologists use other imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and mammography.
Radiologic technicians, sometimes referred to as radiographers, produce x-ray films (radiographs) of parts of the human body for use in diagnosing medical problems. They prepare patients for radiologic examinations by explaining the procedure, removing jewelry and other articles through which x rays cannot pass, and positioning patients so that the parts of the body can be appropriately radiographed. To prevent unnecessary exposure to radiation, these workers surround the exposed area with radiation protection devices, such as lead shields, or limit the size of the x-ray beam. Radiographers position radiographic equipment at the correct angle and height over the appropriate area of a patient's body. Using instruments similar to a measuring tape they may measure the thickness of the section to be radiographed and set controls on the x-ray machine to produce radiographs of the appropriate density, detail, and contrast.
Radiologic technologists and technicians must follow physicians' orders precisely and conform to regulations concerning the use of radiation to protect themselves, their patients, and their coworkers from unnecessary exposure.
In addition to preparing patients and operating equipment, radiologic technologists and technicians keep patient records and adjust and maintain equipment. They also may prepare work schedules, evaluate purchases of equipment, or manage a radiology department.
Radiologic technologists perform more complex imaging procedures. When performing fluoroscopies, for example, radiologic technologists prepare a solution for the patient to drink, allowing the radiologist (a physician who interprets radiographs) to see soft tissues in the body.
Some radiologic technologists specialize in computed tomography (CT), as CT technologists. CT scans produce a substantial amount of cross-sectional x rays of an area of the body. From those cross-sectional x rays, a three-dimensional image is made. The CT uses ionizing radiation; therefore, it requires the same precautionary measures that are used with x rays.
Radiologic technologists also can specialize in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) as MR technologists. MR, like CT, produces multiple cross-sectional images to create a 3-dimensional image. Unlike CT and x rays, MR uses non-ionizing radio frequency to generate image contrast.
Radiologic technologists might also specialize in mammography. Mammographers use low dose x-ray systems to produce images of the breast.
In addition to radiologic technologists, others who conduct diagnostic imaging procedures include cardiovascular technologists and technicians, diagnostic medical sonographers, and nuclear medicine technologists. (Each is discussed elsewhere in the Handbook.)
Work environment. Physical stamina is important in this occupation because technologists and technicians are on their feet for long periods and may lift or turn disabled patients. Technologists and technicians work at diagnostic machines but also may perform some procedures at patients' bedsides. Some travel to patients in large vans equipped with sophisticated diagnostic equipment.
Although radiation hazards exist in this occupation, they are minimized by the use of lead aprons, gloves, and other shielding devices, and by instruments monitoring exposure to radiation. Technologists and technicians wear badges measuring radiation levels in the radiation area, and detailed records are kept on their cumulative lifetime dose.
Most full-time radiologic technologists and technicians work about 40 hours a week. They may, however, have evening, weekend, or on-call hours. Some radiologic technologists and technicians work part time for more than one employer; for those, travel to and from facilities must be considered.
Radiologic technologists prepare patients for radiologic examinations by explaining the procedures, removing jewelry, and positioning patients.
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement About this section
There are multiple paths to entry into this profession offered in hospitals or colleges and universities. Most States require licensure, and requirements vary.
Education and training. Formal training programs in radiography lead to a certificate, an associate degree, or a bachelor's degree. An associate degree is the most prevalent form of educational attainment among radiologic technologists and technicians. Some may receive a certificate. Certificate programs typically last around 21-24 months.
The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology accredits formal training programs in radiography. The committee accredited 213 programs resulting in a certificate, 397 programs resulting in an associate degree, and 35 resulting in a bachelor's degree in 2009. The programs provide both classroom and clinical instruction in anatomy and physiology, patient care procedures, radiation physics, radiation protection, principles of imaging, medical terminology, positioning of patients, medical ethics, radiobiology, and pathology.
Students interested in radiologic technology should take high school courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology.
Licensure. Federal legislation protects the public from the hazards of unnecessary exposure to medical and dental radiation by ensuring that operators of radiologic equipment are properly trained. However, it is up to each State to require licensure of radiologic technologists. Most States require licensure for practicing radiologic technologists. Licensing requirements vary by State; for specific requirements contact your State's health board.
Certification and other qualifications. The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) offers voluntary certification for radiologic technologists. In addition, a number of States use ARRT-administered exams for State licensing purposes. To be eligible for certification, technologists must graduate from an ARRT-approved accredited program and pass an examination. Many employers prefer to hire certified radiologic technologists. In order to maintain an ARRT certification, 24 hours of continuing education must be completed every 2 years.
Radiologic technologists should be sensitive to patients' physical and psychological needs. They must pay attention to detail, follow instructions, and work as part of a team. In addition, operating complicated equipment requires mechanical ability and manual dexterity.
Advancement.
With experience and additional training, staff technologists may become specialists, performing CT scanning, MR, mammography, or bone densitometry. Technologists also may advance, with additional education and certification, to become a radiologist assistant. The ARRT offers specialty certification in many radiologic specialties as well as a credentialing for radiologist assistants.
Experienced technologists also may be promoted to supervisor, chief radiologic technologist, and, ultimately, department administrator or director. Depending on the institution, courses or a master's degree in business or health administration may be necessary for the director's position.
Some technologists progress by specializing in the occupation to become instructors or directors in radiologic technology educational programs; others take jobs as sales representatives or instructors with equipment manufacturers.
Employment About this section
Radiologic technologists held about 214,700 jobs in 2008. About 61 percent of all jobs were in hospitals. Most other jobs were in offices of physicians; medical and diagnostic laboratories, including diagnostic imaging centers; and outpatient care centers.
Job Outlook About this section
Employment is projected to grow faster than average. Those with knowledge of more than one diagnostic imaging procedure—such as CT, MR, and mammography—will have the best employment opportunities.
Employment change. Employment of radiologic technologists is expected to increase by about 17 percent from 2008 to 2018, faster than the average for all occupations. As the population grows and ages, there will be an increasing demand for diagnostic imaging. With age comes increased incidence of illness and injury, which often requires diagnostic imaging for diagnosis. In addition to diagnosis, diagnostic imaging is used to monitor the progress of disease treatment. With the increasing success of medical technologies in treating disease, diagnostic imaging will increasingly be needed to monitor progress of treatment.
The extent to which diagnostic imaging procedures are performed depends largely on cost and reimbursement considerations. However, accurate early disease detection allows for lower cost of treatment in the long run, which many third-party payers find favorable.
Although hospitals will remain the principal employer of radiologic technologists, a number of new jobs will be found in offices of physicians and diagnostic imaging centers. As technology advances many imaging modalities are becoming less expensive and more feasible to have in a physician's office
Job prospects. In addition to job growth, job openings also will arise from the need to replace technologists who leave the occupation. Those with knowledge of more than one diagnostic imaging procedure—such as CT, MR, and mammography—will have the best employment opportunities as employers seek to control costs by using multi-credentialed employees.
Demand for radiologic technologists and technicians can tend to be regional with some areas having large demand, while other areas are saturated. Technologists and technicians willing to relocate may have better job prospects.
CT is continuing to become a frontline diagnosis tool. Instead of taking x rays to decide whether a CT is needed, as was the practice before, it is often the first choice for imaging because of its accuracy. MR also is increasingly used. Technologists with credentialing in either of these specialties will be very marketable to employers.
Projections Data About this section
Occupational Title |
SOC Code |
Employment, 2008 |
Projected Employment, 2018 |
Change, 2008-18 |
Detailed Statistics | ||
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Number |
Percent | ||||||
Radiologic technologists and technicians |
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[PDF] |
[XLS] |
NOTE: Data in this table are rounded. See the discussion of the employment projections table in the Handbook introductory chapter on Occupational Information Included in the Handbook. |
Earnings About this section
The median annual wage of radiologic technologists was $52,210 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,710 and $63,010. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $35,100, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $74,970. Median annual wages in the industries employing the largest numbers of radiologic technologists in 2008 were:
Medical and diagnostic laboratories | $55,210 |
Federal Executive Branch | 53,650 |
General medical and surgical hospitals | 52,890 |
Outpatient care centers | 50,840 |
Offices of physicians | 48,530 |
Related Occupations About this section
Radiologic technologists operate sophisticated equipment to help physicians, dentists, and other health practitioners diagnose and treat patients. Workers in related healthcare occupations include:
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
Diagnostic medical sonographers
Nuclear medicine technologists
Sources of Additional Information About this section
- American Society of Radiologic Technologists, 15000 Central Ave. SE., Albuquerque, NM 87123. Internet: http://www.asrt.org/
- Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology, 20 N. Wacker Dr., Suite 2850, Chicago, IL 60606-3182. Internet: http://www.jrcert.org/
- American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, 1255 Northland Dr., St. Paul, MN 55120-1155. Internet: http://www.arrt.org/
For information on careers in radiologic technology, contact:
For the current list of accredited education programs in radiography, contact:
For certification information, contact:
O*NET-SOC Code Coverage About this section
Last Modified Date: December 17, 2009
2010年1月14日 星期四
Roentgenology ,plain film
plain film與蟲
Roentgenology是「醫學史」上重要的發展。我要說是醫學史,而不是醫學。因為醫學上把放射線學當作是診斷的工具,而重要性就是因為這是機械影像,這是一個工具。
這是第一次,人類不再以「病人」為客體,利用病史和機械影像解釋「病人」病徵背後代表的病理意義。在Roentgenology所再現的文化意義裡,傾向客觀、傾向不帶價值評斷的穿透人體,利用無機的底片,反映一張病人之外的plain film。在這個語境之中,所謂的「真實」,是被plain flim所中介的;plain film被稱作「素片」,plain 是素、modest、simple。
《易經?繫辭上》寫到:「現者,見也」,我總是分不清「看」與「現」的哪邊是哪邊的擬仿物,哪邊是所謂再現的另一邊;像是憂鬱與病理,像是痛苦與陳述它們。但是當一張影像被稱之為「素」,雖然那是我不明白的雜亂無章,那是我不明白的黑影與灰白;我卻知道去當醫療過程被Roentgenology介入後,解釋、分析這些交錯的黑影,多少是把觀點從「what appears」,移轉到「how it appears」,「it」,是成立為「客體」的「這張」「素片」,而非「這位」「病人」。
於是,被診斷的是素片、是蟲,而不是病人。
http://www.hss.nthu.edu.tw/~apcs/gbook/viewtopic.php?CID=22&Topic_ID=153